{"id":7063,"date":"2022-06-30T14:17:13","date_gmt":"2022-06-30T12:17:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alliiertenmuseum.de\/?post_type=topic&p=7063"},"modified":"2024-10-07T12:10:59","modified_gmt":"2024-10-07T10:10:59","slug":"cold-war-history-of-a-term","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.alliiertenmuseum.de\/en\/thema\/cold-war-history-of-a-term\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cCold War\u201d \u2013 The (pre)history of a term"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

A \u201clate twentieth-century neologism\u201d?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In early September 1947, the renowned political commentator Walter Lippmann published the first in a syndicated series of fourteen news columns under the common title \u201cCold War\u201d. The columns would be published in a book that same autumn: The Cold War: A Study in U.S. Foreign Policy<\/em>. Lippmann\u2019s usage of the term \u201ccold war\u201d is notable, as only from this moment did it attain popular deployment as the name for the emergent conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States which would last until 1990.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n

Lippmann, however, was not the first person to use the term. Just months earlier, for instance, in April 1947, the financial magnate Bernard Baruch gave a speech in which he singled out \u201cRussia\u201d as the lone resistor to the American \u201cway of life\u201d and quest to reign as a \u201cglobal guardian of safety\u201d: \u201cLet us not be deceived,\u201d continued Baruch, \u201cwe are today in the midst of a cold war.\u201d Multiple sources thus credit Baruch with coining the term, though technically the credit should go to his speechwriter, Herbert Bayard Swope.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Others, however, reject either Baruch or Swope as coiners. The eminent historian of the Cold War Odd Arne Westad instead awards this distinction to the British writer George Orwell. In his October 1945 essay You and the Atom Bomb<\/em><\/a>, Orwell described an emerging post-war order in which \u201ctwo or three monstrous super-states, each possessed of a weapon by which millions of people can be wiped out in a few seconds\u2026would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of \u2018cold war\u2019 with its neighbors.\u201d The atom bomb, then, given its enormous cost and technical sophistication, was \u201clikelier to put an end to large-scale wars at the cost of prolonging indefinitely a \u2018peace that is no peace\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Orwell therefore anticipates with considerable insight and trepidation a world-order which, while ostensibly post<\/em>-war, moves not towards peace but instead into a wholly new and uncertain period of indefinite standoff under the constant threat of mutually assured destruction. Westad thus plausibly classifies \u201ccold war\u201d as a \u201clate twentieth-century neologism\u201d which didn\u2019t exist \u201cprior to World War II.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"Ein
The American journalist and publicist Walter Lippmann. Credit line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, photograph by Harris & Ewing [reproduction number LC-DIG-hec-21696]<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The (sort of) Middle Age origins of the ter<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Orwell\u2019s invocation of \u201ccold war\u201d is clearly notable, as he is the first to use it to describe the emerging Soviet-American antagonism at the outset of the atomic age. Nevertheless, he too was not its coiner. Indeed, some even root the term\u2019s origins as far back as the 14th<\/sup> century when the Spanish political commentator Don Juan Manuel purportedly used it in reference to the indefinite conflict between Christians and Arabs in Spain. However, while Manuel\u2019s conceptualization bears a certain similarity with Orwell\u2019s (the notion of unending conflict with uncertain results) he actually makes no mention of la Guerra fria <\/em>\u2013 cold war \u2013 but rather uses the phrase la Guerra tibia <\/em>(in modern Spanish, tivia<\/em>), meaning tepid, or lukewarm war. The former term appears for the first time only in an 1860 republication of Manuel\u2019s work, an apparent result of editorial discretion.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Eduard Bernstein, social democratic theorist and member of the German Reichstag. Credit Line: Deutsches Historisches Museum<\/figcaption><\/figure>
\n

The \u201ccold war\u201d and the arms race<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The year 1860, then, is the earliest date (so far discovered) that the term \u201ccold war\u201d appears in any language. Given this rather accidental usage, however, it makes more sense to credit the German socialist theorist and politician Eduard Bernstein with having first used the term. Writing in 1893, Bernstein criticized the tit-for-tat arms race underway between Imperial Germany and her fellow Great Powers of Europe: \u201cI don\u2019t know if the expression has already been used, but one could call it cold warfare. There is no shooting, but there is bleeding.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And then in May 1914, mere weeks before this \u201ccold war\u201d would indeed turn hot, Bernstein, now a Social Democratic member of the Reichstag, used the term once more: \u201cWe continue this silent war, this cold war, as it has been called, the war of armaments, the outbidding of arms.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Bernstein\u2019s use of \u201ccold war\u201d to characterize the arms race preceding the First World War thus shares something crucially in common with its application to the Soviet-American conflict. The anticipation of an arms race between the two super-powers is apparent in the western press essentially from Victory\/VE Day onwards, an anticipation which would only increase following the US dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. \u201cAn arms race to end all arms races,\u201d to quote then US Senator Brien McMahon, was on the horizon.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cwhite war\u201d and \u201ccold war\u201d \u2026<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ultimately, though, this account of the term\u2019s origin is still incomplete. The gap between 1914 \u2013 Bernstein\u2019s latter usage \u2013 and 1945 \u2013 Orwell\u2019s invocation \u2013 is a considerable one, and needs clarifying. A good starting point is a 1950 exchange of letters between Walter Lippmann and Herbert Swope, in which they shared with each other how they had first conceived of \u201ccold war\u201d. Lippmann maintained that it was not Baruch\u2019s speech, but rather the recollection of a pair of French expressions from the 1930s, la Guerre froide<\/em> (\u201ccold war\u201d) and la Guerre blanche<\/em> (\u201cwhite war\u201d), that had first given him the idea. Swope, for his part, said he had thought of the term as early as 1939, believing it to be a fitting contrast to the looming prospect of \u201chot war\u201d \u2013 that is, actual war \u2013 and denied ever hearing such French expressions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Though clearly at odds, both Lippmann and Swope rightly root the term \u201ccold war\u201d in the period immediately preceding World War II. Lippmann\u2019s account is especially plausible, as indeed the sister-term \u201cwhite war\u201d \u2013 referring variously to \u201ceconomic war,\u201d \u201cpropaganda war\u201d or \u201csimply bloodless war\u201d \u2013 is present in both English- and French-language publications throughout the 1930s, and especially towards the end of the decade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

However, more than simply inspiring the term, or ideas like it, the situation in Europe in the late 1930s was indeed referred to on a few occasions as a \u201ccold war\u201d! The first mention of the term in this period, and, moreover, the first so far uncovered in the English language, appears in an unauthored editorial published by The Nation Magazine <\/em>on 26 March 1938, titled Hitler\u2019s Cold War<\/em>: \u201cJust as Hitler has shifted his strategy at home from open terror to cold pogrom, so he may now complete the conquest of Central Europe by the process of cold warfare\u201d \u2013 the threatened choking off of Czechoslovak trade is the specific \u201cprocess\u201d referred to here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another notable usage of the term comes right on the eve of war in the summer of 1939. In consecutive editions of The<\/em> Atlantic Monthly<\/em> the British economist and politician David Graham Hutton published two essays \u2013 \u201cThe Next War\u201d and \u201cThe Next Peace\u201d. Here, the term \u201ccold war\u201d receives arguably its most substantive pre-war conceptualization. In speaking of \u201cthe current kind of \u2018cold war\u2019 or \u2018hot peace\u2019\u201d Hutton, like Bernstein, emphasizes the weight of the European arms race, one which has attained \u201castronomical dimensions\u201d: \u201cthey have only got by without shooting, but not without war.\u201d And just as Orwell laments those \u201ctyrannical weapons\u201d \u2013 not just the atom bomb but also \u201ctanks, battleships, and bombing planes\u201d \u2013 so too does Hutton observe how \u201cour twenty years\u2019 of progress in instruments of death\u201d had severely restricted the possibility to make a \u201creal peace\u201d \u2013 one in which \u201cwe maintain both peace and <\/em>democracy\u201d \u2013 as opposed to \u201can armed peace (which is no peace)\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n

Making \u201cthe term a term\u201d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAfter the next war in Europe,\u201d Hutton concludes his essay, \u201cAmerica may be called upon to reopen the Old World. America \u2013 or Russia\u2026The outcome of whatever happens in between them, in Europe, will determine their own destinies; and this whether it is war or peace \u2013 or neither.\u201d This brings us back to Lippmann. Writing two years after \u201cthe next war in Europe\u201d had reached its end, Lippmann\u2019s columns focus their attention precisely on the possible fates of this devastated continent, arguing for the Marshall Plan as a first step towards \u201cEuropean Unity\u201d and the eventual expulsion of all foreign armies from Eastern Europe, Germany, and Austria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lippmann\u2019s first release of the \u201cCold War\u201d series would appear in newspapers throughout the United States and the world beginning September 2nd<\/sup>, 1947. As the subsequent columns of the series were published over the next weeks, their effect on making \u201cthe term a term, a historical and political term,\u201d as the historian Anders Stephanson put it, was quickly apparent. To demonstrate: \u201ccold war\u201d makes its first appearance in The New York Times<\/em> on September 7th<\/sup>, The London Times<\/em> on September 15th<\/sup>, and The Wall Street Journal<\/em> on October 8th<\/sup>. And on November 11th<\/sup> the article \u201cKalter Krieg?\u201d could even be read in the pages of Die Neue Zeit<\/em> in the Soviet occupation zone of Berlin.<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"\"
In the United States of America, it was Walter Lippmann’s book “The Cold War. A Study in U.S. Foreign Policy” that popularised the term “Cold War”. Credit Line: Allied Museum<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The \u201cNew Cold War\u201d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

To recap. We have shown that the term \u201ccold war\u201d \u2013 though emerging as a historical term to describe the American-Soviet antagonism from roughly 1947 to 1990 \u2013 has a pre-history<\/em>, so to speak, rooted in the lead-up to the two World Wars on the European continent in the first half of the 20th<\/sup> century. Under the weight of arms buildups, economic pressure, propaganda campaigns, and the like, a situation prevailed which was neither peace nor war, though with a constant anticipation of eventual bloodshed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To conclude. One need only glance at the headlines of today\u2019s press to see that \u201ccold war\u201d has a post-history<\/em>, too. Talk of a \u201cnew cold war\u201d refers primarily to the rise of China as a great power \u2013 Orwell\u2019s third \u201cmonstrous super-state\u201d (though back then merely a \u201cpotential\u201d power). Indeed, we can read of a new nuclear arms race<\/a> between the US and China, with China\u2019s latest hypersonic missile test even recalling for many the \u201cSputnik moment<\/a>\u201d. But the \u201cnew cold war\u201d is not without its updated lexis and paradigms. The latest \u201cNuclear option\u201d, to quote Radio Free Europe, concerns not weapons, but the threat to expel Russia<\/a> from the SWIFT (that is, Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) electronic payments system should she invade Ukraine [EDIT: unfortunately, in the time between the writing and publication of this paper, Russia has of course done just that, while speaking of the \u201cnuclear option\u201d in a more literal sense. If we needed any reminder, \u201chot war\u201d also lives on to the present, and \u2013 just as in the 20th<\/sup> century \u2013 often concurrently with its cold variant].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More generally, notions of \u201chybrid war,\u201d \u201ccyberwar,\u201d \u201cinformation warfare\u201d and, most recently, \u201cgrey zone conflict\u201d \u2013 defined by one US Special Operations journal as a zone of conflict \u201cbetween the traditional war and peace duality\u201d \u2013 suggest the new spaces in which the \u201cnew cold war\u201d may already be being waged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

_______<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe cold war reaps its victories quietly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Nation Magazine<\/em>, 26 March 1938.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by Frank Mello Morales<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In early September 1947, the renowned political commentator Walter Lippmann published the first in a syndicated series of fourteen news columns under the common title \u201cCold War\u201d. The columns would be published in a book that same autumn: The Cold War: A Study in U.S. Foreign Policy. Lippmann\u2019s usage of the term \u201ccold war\u201d is notable, as only from this moment did it attain popular deployment as the name for the emergent conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States which would last until 1990.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_locale":"en_US","_original_post":"https:\/\/www.alliiertenmuseum.de\/?post_type=topic&p=7038","_featured_caption":"","_featured_caption_checkbox":false,"_featured_alt":"","_pinkie_id":7017,"_pinkie_caption":false,"_pinkie_alt":"Cover of the book by Walter Lippmann \u201cThe Cold War\u201d","footnotes":"","_post-color":[]},"class_list":["post-7063","topic","type-topic","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","en-US"],"yoast_head":"\n\u201cCold War\u201d \u2013 The (pre)history of a term - AlliiertenMuseum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"We explain here who coined the term \u201cCold War\u201d and what meanings have been attributed to it over the decades.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alliiertenmuseum.de\/en\/thema\/cold-war-history-of-a-term\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cCold War\u201d \u2013 The (pre)history of a term - 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