{"id":9132,"date":"2023-10-11T12:29:17","date_gmt":"2023-10-11T10:29:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alliiertenmuseum.de\/?post_type=topic&p=9132"},"modified":"2024-10-07T12:10:24","modified_gmt":"2024-10-07T10:10:24","slug":"korean-war-1950-1953","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.alliiertenmuseum.de\/en\/thema\/korean-war-1950-1953\/","title":{"rendered":"The Korean War (1950-1953)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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The Korean War (1950-1953) was a deeply significant moment in Cold War history. The war raised important military, political and ideological questions for the United States, Britain, the United Nations (UN) and many countries across the world. It was the Cold War at its hottest, a conflict where millions were wounded, killed or displaced. It also profoundly shaped the Korean landscape, the paths of the two Korean states and collective memory, with consequences to the present day.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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OUTBREAK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

On 25 June 1950, forces of Communist North Korea (the Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea) invaded South Korea (the Republic of Korea), by crossing the 38th<\/sup> Parallel which had been the dividing line between the two Koreas since 1945. The UN \u2013 a relatively new organisation at this time \u2013 condemned the attack and two days\u2019 later its Security Council called on member nations to provide support for South Korea<\/a> to repel the invasion. The Soviet Union had been boycotting the Security Council since the start of the year over Communist China\u2019s lack of representation, so the measures were passed. The United Nations Command (UNC) was established in July 1950 to coordinate the international military and humanitarian response to the invasion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Britain, the Cabinet \u2013 led by Prime Minister Clement Attlee, leader of the Labour Party \u2013 expressed their dismay at the invasion. They concluded that: \u2018It was the clear duty of the United Kingdom Government to do everything in their power\u2026 to help the South Koreans to resist this aggression.\u2019 [Source<\/a>] Elsewhere, British people worried about what the outbreak of war would mean for them and their families, so soon after the end of the Second World War.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Why did war break out?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When war broke out in June 1950 it took many Western countries by surprise, but tensions had been building for many years on the Korean peninsula. Since at least the early twentieth century, Korean representatives had been calling for greater international recognition and sovereignty, but with limited success. From 1910, Korea was occupied by the Japanese empire until its surrender in August 1945. This occupation had a deep and complex impact in Korea, with Koreans serving in Japan\u2019s wartime army, for instance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In August 1945, Korea was occupied by US forces in the south and Soviet forces in the north, with the two deciding to use a line of latitude \u2013 the 38th<\/sup> Parallel North \u2013 as the dividing line. Under the supervision of the occupying forces, two politically divergent regimes developed: a Communist state in North Korea under the leadership of Kim Il-Sung (the grandfather of North Korea\u2019s present leader, Kim Jong-Un) and a nominally democratic state in South Korea, led by President Syngman Rhee. However, there was political repression across Korea in this period and growing tensions between the two. Occupying forces withdrew in 1948 but hostilities still increased, culminating in the invasion on 25 June 1950. That day marked a significant turning point and even today in South Korea the war is known as \u201c625\u201d war.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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A member of the British Royal Military Police stands by a road sign marking the 38th Parallel which was erected by the Royal Ulster Rifles. The sign reads: ‘You are crossing the 38th Parallel by courtesy of the Royal Ulster Rifles’. \u00a9 IWM BF 10243<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

International Response<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the three years of conflict that followed, twenty-two nations offered armed or humanitarian support to South Korea under the auspices of the UN: these included the United States, Britain, France, Turkey, Australia, Belgium, Thailand and Ethiopia. The United Nations force was led by US General Douglas MacArthur, a veteran of both First and Second World Wars, who was able to reverse North Korea\u2019s considerable initial gains into South Korea. By autumn 1950, his determination to march UN forces further north and to confront Communist China, even potentially using nuclear weaponry, alarmed allies.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Attlee flew to Washington to express his disquiet to US President Harry S. Truman in December 1950. The war was not going well either: China\u2019s entry into the war to support North Korea in October 1950 had pushed back UN advances and its Spring Offensive in 1951 saw UN troops withdraw to an area roughly around the 38th<\/sup> Parallel. After the rapid movements of the first year of the war, the fighting became concentrated in this area, involving patrolling and even trench warfare. MacArthur was recalled by Truman for questioning his administration\u2019s policies in East Asia, replaced by General Matthew Ridgway.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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A Royal Navy Sea Fury aircraft of No 801 Squadron from HMS GLORY attacking an enemy Army headquarters in Korea. \u00a9 IWM A 32587<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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British Involvement<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Britain first pledged naval support in July 1950, then troops on the ground, with 27 Brigade (then based in Hong Kong) arriving in Korea in August 1950. After discussions during the first year of the war, British forces became part of the 1st<\/sup> Commonwealth Division, formed in July 1951. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

British military personnel were involved in fighting throughout the war, often in very harsh conditions. Among its most well-known battles was the Battle of the Imjin River in April 1951, where the 29th<\/sup> Brigade \u2013 famously the 1st<\/sup> Battalion of the Gloucestershire Regiment \u2013 attempted to halt advancing Chinese forces. There were heavy casualties and many servicemen were taken prisoner, including the Commanding Officer of the Gloucestershire Regiment, Lt. Col James Carne, later awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

In Britain itself, the war\u2019s outbreak was initially greeted with dismay, as well as concern about whether war might once again influence ordinary people\u2019s lives. There was some confusion too for, whilst Britain had strong links to other parts of East Asia through its empire, little was known generally about Korea. The war also raised political issues, especially about the costs of rearmament as Attlee\u2019s government (like other European post-war governments) had been elected in 1945 on a promise of a more comprehensive welfare state. Yet despite moments of concern and the involvement of many thousands of service personnel \u2013 including young conscripts \u2013 the war gradually faded from view in Britain, even while the fighting continued.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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Lieutenant Colonel J P Carne VC DSO, Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment which stemmed the enemy attack at Imjin, 22-25 April 1951. He received the Victoria Cross for gallantry during this action. \u00a9 IWM KOR 8<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Korea and the Cold War<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Cold War historians, the Korean War reveals many important dynamics and players in the early Cold War period: deepening western alliances, the role of international organisations, the Sino-Soviet alliance (in 1950 Stalin supported the North Korean invasion), ideological clashes, the intertwined process of decolonisation and the idea of \u2018containment\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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The treatment and fate of prisoners of war also held particular significance during the Korean War. The conditions of thousands of captive Koreans \u2013 held in camps in South Korea but also in domestic prisons earlier in the war \u2013 raised international concern. So too did the North Korean and (from 1951) the Chinese treatment of UN captured personnel, many of whom were held in camps in the far north of the country. Some later described malnutrition, use of solitary confinement and shortage of basic supplies, as well as little access to international humanitarian aid. Others too described political indoctrination classes, the use of public \u2018confessions\u2019 and even forced autobiographical writing, all aiming to turn POWs against \u2018Western imperialism\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

litical re-education\u2019 led to allegations of \u2018brainwashing\u2019, a term that was itself born during the Korean War when journalist Edward Hunter used it in 1950. Brainwashing described the apparently inexplicable change of heart that captives could undergo due to external manipulation. Whilst psychologists and other scientists questioned its validity, brainwashing became one of the most enduring cultural <\/em>legacies of the Korean War and was a major element in many dramatic representations of the Cold War \u2013 from The Manchurian Candidate<\/em> (1962) to The Ipcress File<\/em> (1965).<\/p>\n<\/div>

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Chinese prisoners captured by the British Army\u2019s 1st Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment. \u00a9 IWM BF 387<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Concerns grew with later revelations that some of those held in captivity had in fact been \u2018turned\u2019, such as British intelligence officer George Blake. Blake was working in Korea shortly before the war and, after Seoul was captured for the first time by North Korean forces, he and other British Embassy staff were taken captive. During his captivity he offered to pass material to the KGB on his return to the UK, which he did, including information about the Berlin Spy Tunnel. Blake was unmasked as a double agent and arrested in April 1961, but staged a dramatic escape from Wormwood Scrubs prison in 1966. His case led to a much stricter vetting procedure for public servants, especially those who had been held in \u2018Communist hands\u2019. Blake lived in Moscow until his death in 2020.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Where prisoners would go when fighting stopped was also a point of contention. Communist China called for the immediate repatriation of allprisoners of war (a stipulation of the Geneva Convention), whereas US resisted, arguing that many North Korean and Chinese captured personnel had been forced to fight and would face persecution if they returned, especially those who professed anti-Communist views.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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British Centurion Tanks carry infantrymen of the 29th British Brigade, while North Korean refugees gather their belongings to cross to UN organisations on the south of the Imjin River. \u00a9 IWM BF 10316<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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An Uneasy End<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Negotiations, especially about prisoners, rumbled on into 1953. By July, it was decided that a neutral authority would temporarily supervise non-repatriated prisoners who did not wish to return. The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed at Panmunjom on 27 July 1953, leading to the cessation of hostilities. From early August the repatriation of all prisoners began. However, as no treaty was signed, it is often pointed out that the Korean War technically never ended. Its legacies certainly live on in the divided peninsula to the present day.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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The Korean War Memorial on Victoria Embankment in London, 2016. \u00a9 Grace Huxford<\/figcaption><\/figure>
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Remembering the Korean War<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In some ways, the uncertain end of the Korean War contributed to its reputation as a \u2018forgotten war\u2019. The continuing dominance of the Second World War in the collective memory of many combatant nations also meant that the Korean War was overshadowed. Service personnel returning from Korea to post-war Britain felt that people back home did not want to know about their experiences, as they wanted to get on with the task of reconstruction after the Second World War. Veterans noted how there were few novels or films about Korea, with the exception of A Hill in Korea <\/em>(1956)\u2013 Michael Caine\u2019s debut film, fresh back from national service in Korea himself. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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However, more recently there has been greater interest and public remembrance of the Korean War in Britain: in 2014 a new memorial opened on Victoria Embankment in London \u2013 outside the Ministry of Defence \u2013 to commemorate over 1000 British service personnel who died in the conflict. Television and drama reference the conflict more too. The continued international concern over North Korea\u2019s nuclear weapons capability but also the wider interest in Korean culture that accompanied the Korean Wave (hallyu<\/em>) have begun to raise British awareness of its own past involvement in the peninsula. Its small remaining number of veterans have played an active part in maintaining links too, through \u2018revisit\u2019 programmes and other links with South Korea. And the conflict\u2019s popular memory will no doubt continue to evolve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Grace Huxford is a Senior Lecturer in Modern History at the Department of History at the University of Bristol in the UK. She is a member of the Allied Museum\u2019s international scholarly advisory board and the author of the book The Korean War in Britain<\/em> (Manchester University Press, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further Reading<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grace Huxford, The Korean War in Britain <\/em>(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2018)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S.P. Mackenzie, British Prisoners of the Korean War<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Barnes, The US, the UN and the Korean War: Communism in the Far East and the American Struggle for World Hegemony<\/em> (London: IB Tauris, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Monica Kim, The Interrogation Rooms of the Korean War: the Untold History <\/em>(Princeton University Press, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hajimu Masuda, Cold War Crucible: the Korean Conflict and the Postwar World <\/em>(Harvard University Press, 2015).  <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew Salmon, Scorched Earth, Black Snow: Britain and Australia in the Korean War, 1950<\/em> (Aurum Press, London, 2011).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Timeline<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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2 Sept 1945<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Japan’s signing of the surrender ends the Second World War in Asia; at the suggestion of the Americans, Korea is divided into a northern and southern zone of occupation along the 38th parallel<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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8 Sept 1945<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

US troops take over occupation duties from the surrendering Japanese forces in the southern part of Korea<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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28 Dec 1945<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In Moscow, the US and the Soviet Union agree to grant Korea independence in 1950<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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15 Aug 1948<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Foundation of the Republic of Korea and withdrawal of all US troops by 1949, Syngman Rhee becomes South Korea’s first president<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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9 Sept 1948<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Foundation of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Kim Il-sung becomes Prime Minister (from 1972 State President), most of the Soviet troops withdraw<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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12 Jan 1950<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

US Secretary of State Dean Acheson excludes Korea in a speech on spheres of interest claimed by the US in Asia<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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9 Feb 1950<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Soviet dictator Stalin gives his consent to an invasion of South Korea to unify the peninsula<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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25 Jun 1950<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Korean War begins with an invasion of South Korea by North Korean troops; three days into the war, they conquer the South Korean capital Seoul<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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27 Jun 1950<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Security Council, in the absence of the Soviet Union, passes Resolution 83 recommending UN members to send troops and material in support of South Korea. In early July, the first US forces land in southwestern Korea, other nations quickly follow suit<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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3 Aug 1950<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

North Korean forces conquer the entire Korean peninsula except for the area surrounding the city of Busan<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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15 Sep 1950<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

With an amphibious operation near Incheon, US-led UN troops take the initiative by landing at the rear of North Korean front-line forces<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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1 Oct 1950<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN troops cross the 38th parallel and advance into North Korea<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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19 Oct 1950<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN troops capture the North Korean capital Pyongyang<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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25 Oct 1950<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

China enters the war on the side of North Korea<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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20 Nov 1950<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UUS troops reach the Yalu River which marks the border between China and North Korea<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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13 Dec 1950<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

China sends tens of thousands of soldiers across the border into North Korea; in their first major engagement, the battle of Chosin Reservoir, the UN troops withdraw and are later pushed back south of the 38th parallel<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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4 Jan 1951<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

For a second time during the Korean War, Seoul is being captured by communist forces<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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14 Mar 1951<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN forces re-capture Seoul<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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22-25 April 1951<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

British troops face the Chinese Spring Offensive at the Battle of Imjin River, one of the fiercest battles for the British Army in the post-Second World War period<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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10 Jul 1951<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Truce talks begin at Kasesong, shortly after the talks are moved to the hamlet of Panmunjom and a neutral zone around it is established<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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From Spring 1951onwards<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The fighting remains fierce; it takes place mainly shortly below and along the 38th<\/sup> parallel. Neither side can register significant gains, the conflict turns into a war of attrition<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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27 Jul 1953<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The signing of the ceasefire agreement in Panmunjom ends the fighting and leads to the establishment of the Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) to stop future confrontation<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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27 Jul 1953<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The signing of the ceasefire agreement in Panmunjom ends the fighting and leads to the establishment of the Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) to stop future confrontation<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Korean War (1950-1953) was a deeply significant moment in Cold War history. The war raised important military, political and ideological questions for the United States, Britain, the United Nations (UN) and many countries across the world. It was the Cold War at its hottest, a conflict where millions were wounded, killed or displaced. It also profoundly shaped the Korean landscape, the paths of the two Korean states and collective memory, with consequences to the present day.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_locale":"en_US","_original_post":"https:\/\/www.alliiertenmuseum.de\/?post_type=topic&p=9027","_featured_caption":"","_featured_caption_checkbox":false,"_featured_alt":"","_pinkie_id":9052,"_pinkie_caption":false,"_pinkie_alt":"A British military policeman stands next to a road sign marking the 38th parallel, erected by the Royal Ulster Rifles.","footnotes":"","_post-color":[]},"class_list":["post-9132","topic","type-topic","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","en-US"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Korean War (1950-1953) - AlliiertenMuseum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Korean War took place from 1950 to 1953 and was part of the hot phase of the Cold War. 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